Why is the employment relations system in the USA characterised by low Essay

Why is the employment relations system in the USA characterised by low levels of collective bargaining - Essay Example Every country have specific norms and labour policies based on which the framework of the employee relation system is designed. In USA there are three basic laws with regard to the employee relationship. They are: a) National Labour Relation Act, which is also known as the Wagner Act, b) Labour Management Relation Act, also called the Taft-Hartley Act, and c) Disclosure Act, which is called the Landrum Griffin Act. The Federal authorities throughout USA make sure that these three laws are implemented in organizations. The agency responsible for its enforcement is the National Labour Relation Board (NLRB). It is into labour management and relation assessment. The Department of Labour (DOL) is responsible for the enforcement of the other important aspects in labour relationship management laws. The major requirement for doing such activity is to ensure the democracy of the internal union and the financial accountability. Both of these regulatory bodies are responsible for ascertaining that the laws are strictly followed and organizations are working under the assistance of these stated frameworks. The private sector workforce or employees have laws set for them under the federal labour laws of the two regulatory bodies such as DOL and NLRB. It has been stated in the Commerce Clause that these regulatory bodies even have regulatory authority to control the labour or employee relations in the privately owned companies (Cahuc and Zylberberg, 2004, pp. 371–373). Traditionally, the unions were formed by skilled craftsmen to safeguard their interest in the organization. With the advent of scientific management in the organizations and industries, the rationale for collectively acting to bargain for the disbursement and working conditions among the workers increased. However, the capitalists in those times were extremely powerful and they opposed the union movement. The anti-union employment laws were even floated by them so as to dishevel the union movement of t he craftsmen. However, during the Great Depression of 1930s, the factory workers united and started forming unions. It was during this time when these unions were successful in performing many activities such as the Wagner Act of 1935, which gave the employees or workers the right to plan and organize strikes. In 1940–1950, the unions began to grow though the federal legislation controlled and monitored them from time to time. In 1960 and 1970, the unionization in the public sector increased considerably (Harcourt and Wood, 2006, pp. 141–145). The regulatory bodies in US affect the industrial and employee relation system in many ways such as: They provide the terms and conditions of the employment in details and directly. They regulate the way in which the organized labour or employees and the management are related to one another. The regulatory bodies had ascertained the minimum wage rate and the maximum working hours for the workers. The overtime rates were also asc ertained by the federal and state bodies. The concept of â€Å"employment at will† operates in US. This means that the employer would have to show no specific reason for dismissing any employee. In this scenario, the National Labour Relation Act was introduced, which provided a specific structure of policies for employee rights in relation to the collective actions. A few of the regulations also required union certification through secret ballot (OECD, 1997, pp. 86–87). In 2007, the union density in US was about 36 percent. Among this about 7.5 percent was in the private sector and the rest in the public sector. It is said that the US unions have a unique approach because they provide benefits mainly to the existing

Theory to practice Essay Example for Free

Theory to practice Essay Big Time Toymaker (BTT) develops, manufactures and distributes toys and board games. An inventor named Chou created a board game called Strat. Chous invention caught the attention of BTT and they sought out to negotiate with Chou. During the time of communication between both Chou and BTT an agreement was made. Both parties agreed to BTT having exclusive negotiating wrights for a 90-day period in exchange for $25,000.00. The agreement stated that no contract exist unless in writing. After a meeting when an oral agreement was made Chou was emailed a document subject Strat deal by a manager of BTT. This email can be considered the contract in writing and Chou assumed so, later to find that BTT was now run by new management who claimed they were uninterested in his invention. The point where parties entered a contract was when the BTT manager sent Chou an email subject â€Å"Strat Deal†. This was the point where a contract was mad because BTT had received an exclusive 90day negotiating period, and distribution agreement wasn’t going to be in effect until received in writing. This email also included terms discussed during the oral agreement and pricing. The agreement of a contract was that it had to be in writing in order to exist. Never did BTT stress the form of writing. An email consist of written words, therefore it was a written agreement. A contract is an agreement with specific terms between two or more people or entities in which there is a promise to do something in return for something else. When the email was sent that was the completion of the exchange and fulfilled contract requirements. The oral agreement that both parties had before the email was sent was establishing objective intent to contract. BTT also sent a fax to Chou a month after the 90day period passed requesting the draft to be sent. This action also showed intent to contract. What weighs in Chous favor in terms of parties objective to contract is the fact that BTT paid him. They exchanged money for exclusive negotiating rights. Chou could  always state an unilateral mistake was made and he misunderstood the terms of an agreement. The fact that both parties communicated by email has no impact on the decision of Chou rightfully still having a contract. Email is just as sufficient as a letter or hand written draft. With a subject email sent saying â€Å"Strat deal†. â€Å"The law governing which contracts must be in writing in order to be enforceable† is also known as the statue of frauds according to University of Phoenix The Legal Environment of Business (2011) . The contract was emailed to Chou before the 90day deadline right after an oral agreement. The statue of frauds supports Chou still having a valid contract. BTT could avoid this contract under mistake. Chou had mistaken the email as the contract agreement. BTT specified that the distribution deal would only be valid if contract was in writing. BTT could argue their meaning of a contract in writing is a contract on paper. This would be a mutual mistake. Both parties had a different understanding of what a contract consist of. Mutual mistake shows both parties at fault instead of only one. If the email does constitute an agreement, the thing that support this a greement is the fact that Chou was within the 90 day period when the email was sent. Although the email said nothing about a contract it was titled Strat Deal. During the verbal agreement Chou was lead to believe that both parties had finally agreed on the terms of the contract. Assuming that Chou did have a contract and BTT decided to breach the contract Chou could obtain remedies for his lost. The proper remedy would be compensatory damages. â€Å"Compensatory damages are an attempt to put the nonbreaching party in the same position she would have been in if the other party had performed as agreed (melvin, 2011, Chapter Chapter 7, Contract Performance:Conditions, Breach, and Remedies).† By the new management breaching the contract Chou misses out on potential profits that could have occurred if the contract had been followed through with. The remedy that would be less favorable would be consequential damages. Assuming from the theory that Chou had nothing in place directly depending on the completion of his contract, there is nothing that would be affected indirectly from the unfulfillment of the contract. Consequential damages compensate foreseeable indirect losses. Work cited Melvin, S. P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business: A Managerial Approach: Theory to Practice. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection. Melvin, Sean P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business: A Managerial Approach: Theory to Practice. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection.

Mark Twain Essay -- essays research papers

Mark Twain It is indisputable that, during his many years of writing, Mark Twain established himself as a literary genius. It is also indisputable that the primary reason for his success as an author was his quick wit and sense of humor. During this nation’s time of political and social division, Twain wrote about many of the simpler things in life while always showing his humorist side. His brilliant comedic mind was especially unusual for any popular writer around during this rough time period in the nation’s history. Mark Twain’s humorist views and writings truly solidify him as the forefather of American humor. Unlike many writers of his time, Samuel Clemens, better known as his pen name, Mark Twain never secluded himself or slaved over a piece of work. He enjoyed playing billiards or sitting on his porch, smoking a pipe. He lived with his wife and three daughters, and did most of writing in his billiards room or on his bed. He lived a simple, casual life, wh ich proved to encourage his laidback, humorist attitude. (Whipple, Sally) William Dean Howells once compared Twain’s lifestyle to the other famous writers of his time. â€Å"Emerson, Longfellow, Lowell, Holmes†¦ they were like one another and like other literary men; but Clemens was sole, incomparable.† (Twainweb) This being perhaps the best explanation for Twain’s unique humorist views, it is no doubt this lifestyle provided for his creative storytelling and successful career as an author. Mark Twain, a native of Missouri who lived most his childhood in poverty, began his career, surprisingly, as a steamboat pilot. This career path was soon to be interrupted by the Civil War, in which he served for the Confederate Army for two weeks before withdrawing. Already at this point in his life, Twain was showing his humorist side when he commented on this incident saying, â€Å"†¦it was my retirement from it that brought the crash. It left the Confederate s ide too weak.† (Ayers, 42) After the Civil War, Twain began his career as a journalist. He bounced from one city to another, including a stay at Virginia City, Nevada and San Francisco. While in San Francisco, Twain wrote The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, his first nationally acclaimed work. This tale of young boys and frog races combined the themes of youth and humor, a combination he would revisit frequently. (Budd, 32) Finally, in 1869, Twain’s f... ...k Twain in His Times) Jones 6 Unfortunately, this was Twain’s last popular, humorous story. He would leave Hartford due to debts he owed and live a hard life for the rest of his years. Before he died, Twain would see two of three daughters and his wife pass away before him. He spent the rest of his days trying to repay his dept and mourning over his lost family members, whom he was very close too. He died on April 21, 1910 in Redding, Conn. During his lifetime, Mark Twain went from a child of poverty to one of the most famous and unique writers of his time to a legendary American hero. Due to classics such as Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, he has established himself as not only a famous writer but also a famous comedian. There was no comedy before Mark Twain, most men were obsessed with politics and the military. After Twain, comedy exploded. Charlie Chaplin is one man who is not only a famous comedic pioneer, but also a supporter of Twain. His career shows the influence of Mark Twain in many areas, often including his characters. Mark Twain’s stories truly solidify him as a legendary author, yet his humor was the unique quality which put him above the rest. Word Count: 1536

Morality as Anti-Nature Essay

Friedrich Nietzsche stands as one of the philosophers who tackled about the complexities of human existence and its condition. It is noteworthy to state that most of his works made several standpoints to what he refers to as the Ubermensch. The conception of such is designed to inspire the individual to substantiate his existence and rouse his self-overcoming and affirmative character. This can be said to arise from the idea of creating a self through the process of undergoing a destructive condition that enables the self to acquire greater power in relation to others. The development of such a self is dependent upon the recognition of the anti-naturalistic character of morality which he discusses in The Twilight of the Idols in the section entitled â€Å"Morality as Anti-Nature†. Within the aforementioned text, Nietzsche argues that morality hinders the individual from experiencing life as it limits an individual’s freewill thereby in the process leading to the creation of an individual who is incapable of life itself. He states, morality is a â€Å"revolt against life† (2006, p. 467). It is a revolt against life as it is based on the negation of an individual’s basic instinct to act freely in accordance to his passions. According to Nietzsche, this is evident in the case of Christian morality which places emphasis on the control of the passions. Within Christian morality, an individual who is incapable of controlling his passions is considered to be immoral as he is incapable of practicing restraint upon himself. Examples of this are evident if one considers that within Christian morality, to be saintly requires restraining one’s desires and hence one can only follow the path of Christ if one denies all of his desires, the denial of which involves the denial of all worldly things. He states, within the context of this morality â€Å"disciplining†¦has put the emphasis throughout the ages on eradication†¦but attacking the passions at the root means attacking life at the root: the practice of the church is inimical to life (Nietzsche, 2006, p. 66). The practice of the church, its imposition of morality contradicts the essence of life which is the actualization of an individual’s self since it delimits an individual to one particular kind of existence. For example, Christian morality has the Ten Commandments. If an individual follows these commandments, the individual’s spiritual life is ensured in the afterworld. Nietzsche argues that by following these commandments, the individual is at once delimited to one particular form of existence. This does not necessarily mean that Nietzsche applauds acts of murder; he is merely stating that by following moral rules and moral norms the individual is at once preventing himself from the experiencing a particular form of life and hence the actuality of life itself. It is important to note that by presenting a criticism of Christian moral values and moral values in general, Nietzsche does not necessarily prescribe an individual to follow his moral code. In fact one might state that Nietzsche does not possess a moral code. He states, Whenever we speak of values, we speak under the inspiration†¦of life: life forces us to establish values; life itself evaluates through us when we posit values†¦It follows from this that even that anti-nature of a morality which conceives God as the antithesis and condemnation of life is merely a value judgment on the part of life. (Nietzsche, 2006, p. 467) Within this context, Nietzsche recognizes that the anti-nature of morality is a value in itself. It differs however from a moral code since it does not delimit an individual by prescribing actions which he ought and ought not to follow. The importance of the anti-nature of morality lies in its emphasis on the affirmation of the individual. Within the text, Nietzsche claims, â€Å"morality in so far as it condemns†¦is a specific error†¦We seek our honour in being affirmative† (2006, p. 468). It is within this context that one may understand why for Nietzsche; the Ubermensch is an individual whose choices are dependent upon the ends justifying the means since to state that one performs a particular action since the means justifies the end is equivalent to performing a particular action since the act itself adheres to what a particular moral rule considers to be ‘good’. This is evident if one considers that in order for an individual S to consider Q a ‘good’ act wherein Q is good due to P and Q necessarily follows from P, it is necessary for P to be good within the context of a moral norm M. For example, a person may consider giving alms to the poor good since the act of giving alms itself is considered ‘good’ within the context of a particular moral norm. As opposed to the example mentioned above, the Ubermensch acts in accordance to what may be achieved by an act [the end of the act itself] since what the Ubermensch places emphasis on is the joy that may be achieved in the act itself. Alex MacIntyre states, â€Å"joy in the actual and active of every kind constitutes the fundamental end from which Nietzsche develops his critique of morality† (1999, p. 6). Although Nietzsche’s criticism of morality and its constraints upon an individual are valid, it is still impossible to conceive of a world wherein no morality is applied. Within the context of social reality, moral norms function to ensure order within society. Although laws may function by themselves to ensure the order of society, laws themselves are dependent upon a particular moral norm which the society adheres to. References McIntyre, A. (1997). The Sovereignty of Joy: Nietzsche’s Vision of Grand Politics. Toronto: U of Toronto P. Nietzsche, F. (2006). Morality as Anti-Nature. The Nietzsche Reader. Eds. K. Ansell-Pearson & D. Large. London: Wiley-Blackwell.

Love

I have learnt that there are two different attitudes towards love; I have selected four poems that consider this issue and show the poets true thoughts on love. Two of my texts, ‘Leaving Prince Charming Behind,' written by Karol Mila and ‘Advice to a discarded Lover,' written by Fleer Dock, both look at the theme of love and past relationships in a negative and quite a depressing manner. Whereas, the other two texts deal with both the poets sweet, happy and more realistic attitude towards the power of true love. ‘To the girl who stood beside me at the checkout counter ofWhitewalls in Hamilton on Tuesday,' written by Glenn Colophon and ‘This is love,' written by Karol Mila both deal with the positive aspects of love and the Journey of love and what it meaner to them. The two texts ‘Leaving Prince Charming Behind,' written by Karol Mila and ‘Advice to a discarded Lover,' written by Fleer Dock. Look at the theme of love through two similar ways. The c onnection between the texts is the poets stating their sad and negative outlook on love, certain techniques such as metaphors help to demonstrate and illustrate the visual image of both poets' similar negative perceptions of love and relationships.In the poem, ‘Leaving Prince Charming Behind' relating to fairy tales clarified that she did not want to be a ‘princess' anymore. By using a metaphor the poem constantly referred to the fairy tale characters. The technique was effective in showing the connection between the two texts, as the fairy tale characters provide stereotypes and presumed knowledge. So we assume what is going to happen. However Mila proves our assumption wrong by showing the paradoxical side of each event or character. As a reader we know Repulse as a princess in a tower. Mila modifies this image by describing her long hair as ‘shorn. ‘The architect of isolation' elates to Repulse feeling helpless. She has used this to show that she wanted to escape from him and that she did not love him anymore. The metaphor helps to show the reader, the poet's negative outlook and idea of what love is, which is not fairy tale is, she describes it to be the complete opposite. This then connects with my second text, ‘Advice to a discarded lover,' written by Fleer Dock, as she also uses techniques such as metaphors in her poem to illustrate her negative idea of what love is due to a past relationship.Like the technique discussed previously, metaphors give us a clear image of what love is through the poet's respective. The verbs that were significant in enhancing the metaphor, that she used to describe the relationship, Wriggling, munching,' ‘crawling and ‘creeping,' all relate to someone's initial reaction on finding a particularly gross bug. His fat, moist warm-skin' makes him sound revolting, at this stage; she can only be revolted by his actions as she would an insect.The verbs enhance the metaphor as it helps you to see the poet is literally stating that her ex-partner is a disgusting maggoty dead bird. This is evident when she says, ‘In you I see maggots close to the surface' so it is clear hat she finds him quite unbearable. Therefore this extended metaphor is a sub- connection symbolisms and illustrates the author thoughts on love which therefore This is the same in the texts, ‘This is love' written by Karol Mila and ‘To the girl who stood beside me at Whitewalls bookstore in Hamilton on Tuesday,' written by Glenn Calhoun.The poets also express their perception of love, through a positive, happy and more realistic point of view; as they are more general not Just focusing on a past relationship, these poets are not referring to fairy tale illusions, We were living he fairy tale,' or describing their past relationships to be a dead maggoty worthless bird, ‘a dead bird, not only dead, not only fallen, but full of maggots,' they are saying what love generally meaner to t hem, and they have logic behind this belief therefore their viewpoint seems to be more realistic.Together the poets have shown that love is a process with several different stages, these stages will not be completed if the relationship is not cared for and nurtured, to create a happy and healthy relationship which is clearly shown in the texts. Therefore I believe this shows the realism of each ext compared to the last two, also showing their connection. In the poem ‘This is love,' written by Karol Mila, she uses gardening to relate to love, and relationships between lovers; Mila introduces a metaphor by calling her thoughts, the roots' which have been nurtured and educated over the years to reach her understanding of love.The image is developed as she watches ‘big hands brown custodial' place a new plant into the bucket. The tending process of the thoughts and the new seeds are described in detail. ‘Love is the pruning and the watering in the seventh stanza shows that Mila realizes that love is like a plant that needs to be rated tenderly, pruned back and watered regularly to maintain the relationship, this also supports the idea of showing that the poet believes that love is a Journey, and there are many stages in a relationship, but to have a strong healthy and long relationship, it needs to be nurtured and cared for.So this shows Mila expressing her perception of what she thinks love is, in this case her outlook to me seems to be quite bright, realistic and peaceful. This then connects with my last text, ‘To the girl who stood beside me at the checkout counter at Whitewalls in Hamilton on Tuesday,' written by Glenn Colophon. Again the poet writes his true thought on what he believes love is which also seems to be quite loving and sweet.This is evident when the poet goes through all the things of what he believes true love is centered around, for example We kissed,' We married,' We built a house beside a lake,' and We grew fat and ha ppy together. ‘ All of these are happy things that symbolism what the poet's initial thoughts and ideas of what he personally believes love is. They also show that this poet believes that love and being in a relationship has several stages, which get more and more significant the longer oh stay with one person, and takes time to get to where you may want to be in a relationship.I believe this is a very logical and positive viewpoint on love, once again showing the connections with the previous text. I think that the idea of love can be portrayed in a number of ways depending on past experiences, which may alter your thoughts and your definition of what love meaner to not Just poetry, was always popular but is becoming more and more popular in today's society, as on a day to day basis we are surrounded by stereotypes of what love is ‘supposed' to be like. LOVE Makes Perfect In the essay † Expertise Dissected,† Daniel J. Levities believes that barely anyone can become an expert in their area without continuous practice. Moreover, he mentions that although talent is a major factor that people acquire skills more rapidly than others, with only talent, one cannot achieve success in that area. Finally, Levities emphasizes that practice is the most essential factor leading to a significant achievement. From my point of view, I totally agree with Levities' opinions. Based on y life experience and the book I read, I think his points are totally correct.All in all, practice is the most important foundation for success. People need to practice if they want to achieve the dream they have wished. Taking Vivian, who took same COCCIDS class with me, as an example, she is a student majoring in philosophy. And she is extremely smart and always has many unique thoughts. However, we shared the same situation where we both failed COCCIDS for five times. Last quarter, I noticed that there was a change happening in her. From my observation, she started to ask he professor for extra prompts every time after each class.Before, she was always hanging out with her friends and paid little attention to this writing class. Now, she realized that she could not afford another failure in COCCIDS , otherwise she would be kicked out from SCUDS. So she decided to practice more, which actually led to a reward. At the end of that quarter, she finally passed the exit exam. However, I failed again since I did not study hard enough. The contradiction from Vivian and me shows that Levity's points are totally correct that people can not get a significant achievement without practice.Levities mentions that even one is equipped with brilliant talent, he also has to practice since † practice makes perfect,† which I think is totally right. Michael Jordan, the best basketball player ever, won NAB championships for six times. He is a world -class basketball star, who promotes NAB and basketball to every corner of all over the world. When he was a high school student, his amazing basketball talent started to blossom. Even though he had brilliant talent, he still trained more than ten hours a day. The fact that the Chicago Bulls selected him did not stop him from practicing.He is always the one who first arrived in gym and the last one left the gym. After day and day training, he was able to help the team win championship for six times and win himself the most valued player for five times. Just as authors mentioned, talent is a gift from God, however practice makes this gift being discovered more deeply. There are many evidence showing that people are easily to fail if they stop practice, no matter how talented they are. For example, doodads, with the developing of the entertainments, more and more fantastic game was welcomed by adults.The defend of Ancients, one of popular games, becomes the best game, and it already h ad more than ten millions players all over the world. Dad, one of top players in China, is good at playing this game. At first, he helped the team win the champion of the Electronic Sports World Cup. With his past teammates still fighting for their game life, he had to retire since he was so complacent that he ignored the importance of practice. Also, there were lots of negative reports about his fife after that winning and according to these reports, he smoked weed and drank almost everyday.From this example, we could easily tell that talent only plays an important role in the very beginning of ones success, and what led to ones ultimate achievement is practice. Both Levities and I believe in the importance of practice. We also hold the same idea that it is more essential than talent in the long run. A man born with talents only means he is lucky and can acquire a specific skill more quickly than others. However, practice is what really makes him achieve further success in his fiel d. LOVE Makes Perfect In the essay † Expertise Dissected,† Daniel J. Levities believes that barely anyone can become an expert in their area without continuous practice. Moreover, he mentions that although talent is a major factor that people acquire skills more rapidly than others, with only talent, one cannot achieve success in that area. Finally, Levities emphasizes that practice is the most essential factor leading to a significant achievement. From my point of view, I totally agree with Levities' opinions. Based on y life experience and the book I read, I think his points are totally correct.All in all, practice is the most important foundation for success. People need to practice if they want to achieve the dream they have wished. Taking Vivian, who took same COCCIDS class with me, as an example, she is a student majoring in philosophy. And she is extremely smart and always has many unique thoughts. However, we shared the same situation where we both failed COCCIDS for five times. Last quarter, I noticed that there was a change happening in her. From my observation, she started to ask he professor for extra prompts every time after each class.Before, she was always hanging out with her friends and paid little attention to this writing class. Now, she realized that she could not afford another failure in COCCIDS , otherwise she would be kicked out from SCUDS. So she decided to practice more, which actually led to a reward. At the end of that quarter, she finally passed the exit exam. However, I failed again since I did not study hard enough. The contradiction from Vivian and me shows that Levity's points are totally correct that people can not get a significant achievement without practice.Levities mentions that even one is equipped with brilliant talent, he also has to practice since † practice makes perfect,† which I think is totally right. Michael Jordan, the best basketball player ever, won NAB championships for six times. He is a world -class basketball star, who promotes NAB and basketball to every corner of all over the world. When he was a high school student, his amazing basketball talent started to blossom. Even though he had brilliant talent, he still trained more than ten hours a day. The fact that the Chicago Bulls selected him did not stop him from practicing.He is always the one who first arrived in gym and the last one left the gym. After day and day training, he was able to help the team win championship for six times and win himself the most valued player for five times. Just as authors mentioned, talent is a gift from God, however practice makes this gift being discovered more deeply. There are many evidence showing that people are easily to fail if they stop practice, no matter how talented they are. For example, doodads, with the developing of the entertainments, more and more fantastic game was welcomed by adults.The defend of Ancients, one of popular games, becomes the best game, and it already h ad more than ten millions players all over the world. Dad, one of top players in China, is good at playing this game. At first, he helped the team win the champion of the Electronic Sports World Cup. With his past teammates still fighting for their game life, he had to retire since he was so complacent that he ignored the importance of practice. Also, there were lots of negative reports about his fife after that winning and according to these reports, he smoked weed and drank almost everyday.From this example, we could easily tell that talent only plays an important role in the very beginning of ones success, and what led to ones ultimate achievement is practice. Both Levities and I believe in the importance of practice. We also hold the same idea that it is more essential than talent in the long run. A man born with talents only means he is lucky and can acquire a specific skill more quickly than others. However, practice is what really makes him achieve further success in his fiel d. Love I have learnt that there are two different attitudes towards love; I have selected four poems that consider this issue and show the poets true thoughts on love. Two of my texts, ‘Leaving Prince Charming Behind,' written by Karol Mila and ‘Advice to a discarded Lover,' written by Fleer Dock, both look at the theme of love and past relationships in a negative and quite a depressing manner. Whereas, the other two texts deal with both the poets sweet, happy and more realistic attitude towards the power of true love. ‘To the girl who stood beside me at the checkout counter ofWhitewalls in Hamilton on Tuesday,' written by Glenn Colophon and ‘This is love,' written by Karol Mila both deal with the positive aspects of love and the Journey of love and what it meaner to them. The two texts ‘Leaving Prince Charming Behind,' written by Karol Mila and ‘Advice to a discarded Lover,' written by Fleer Dock. Look at the theme of love through two similar ways. The c onnection between the texts is the poets stating their sad and negative outlook on love, certain techniques such as metaphors help to demonstrate and illustrate the visual image of both poets' similar negative perceptions of love and relationships.In the poem, ‘Leaving Prince Charming Behind' relating to fairy tales clarified that she did not want to be a ‘princess' anymore. By using a metaphor the poem constantly referred to the fairy tale characters. The technique was effective in showing the connection between the two texts, as the fairy tale characters provide stereotypes and presumed knowledge. So we assume what is going to happen. However Mila proves our assumption wrong by showing the paradoxical side of each event or character. As a reader we know Repulse as a princess in a tower. Mila modifies this image by describing her long hair as ‘shorn. ‘The architect of isolation' elates to Repulse feeling helpless. She has used this to show that she wanted to escape from him and that she did not love him anymore. The metaphor helps to show the reader, the poet's negative outlook and idea of what love is, which is not fairy tale is, she describes it to be the complete opposite. This then connects with my second text, ‘Advice to a discarded lover,' written by Fleer Dock, as she also uses techniques such as metaphors in her poem to illustrate her negative idea of what love is due to a past relationship.Like the technique discussed previously, metaphors give us a clear image of what love is through the poet's respective. The verbs that were significant in enhancing the metaphor, that she used to describe the relationship, Wriggling, munching,' ‘crawling and ‘creeping,' all relate to someone's initial reaction on finding a particularly gross bug. His fat, moist warm-skin' makes him sound revolting, at this stage; she can only be revolted by his actions as she would an insect.The verbs enhance the metaphor as it helps you to see the poet is literally stating that her ex-partner is a disgusting maggoty dead bird. This is evident when she says, ‘In you I see maggots close to the surface' so it is clear hat she finds him quite unbearable. Therefore this extended metaphor is a sub- connection symbolisms and illustrates the author thoughts on love which therefore This is the same in the texts, ‘This is love' written by Karol Mila and ‘To the girl who stood beside me at Whitewalls bookstore in Hamilton on Tuesday,' written by Glenn Calhoun.The poets also express their perception of love, through a positive, happy and more realistic point of view; as they are more general not Just focusing on a past relationship, these poets are not referring to fairy tale illusions, We were living he fairy tale,' or describing their past relationships to be a dead maggoty worthless bird, ‘a dead bird, not only dead, not only fallen, but full of maggots,' they are saying what love generally meaner to t hem, and they have logic behind this belief therefore their viewpoint seems to be more realistic.Together the poets have shown that love is a process with several different stages, these stages will not be completed if the relationship is not cared for and nurtured, to create a happy and healthy relationship which is clearly shown in the texts. Therefore I believe this shows the realism of each ext compared to the last two, also showing their connection. In the poem ‘This is love,' written by Karol Mila, she uses gardening to relate to love, and relationships between lovers; Mila introduces a metaphor by calling her thoughts, the roots' which have been nurtured and educated over the years to reach her understanding of love.The image is developed as she watches ‘big hands brown custodial' place a new plant into the bucket. The tending process of the thoughts and the new seeds are described in detail. ‘Love is the pruning and the watering in the seventh stanza shows that Mila realizes that love is like a plant that needs to be rated tenderly, pruned back and watered regularly to maintain the relationship, this also supports the idea of showing that the poet believes that love is a Journey, and there are many stages in a relationship, but to have a strong healthy and long relationship, it needs to be nurtured and cared for.So this shows Mila expressing her perception of what she thinks love is, in this case her outlook to me seems to be quite bright, realistic and peaceful. This then connects with my last text, ‘To the girl who stood beside me at the checkout counter at Whitewalls in Hamilton on Tuesday,' written by Glenn Colophon. Again the poet writes his true thought on what he believes love is which also seems to be quite loving and sweet.This is evident when the poet goes through all the things of what he believes true love is centered around, for example We kissed,' We married,' We built a house beside a lake,' and We grew fat and ha ppy together. ‘ All of these are happy things that symbolism what the poet's initial thoughts and ideas of what he personally believes love is. They also show that this poet believes that love and being in a relationship has several stages, which get more and more significant the longer oh stay with one person, and takes time to get to where you may want to be in a relationship.I believe this is a very logical and positive viewpoint on love, once again showing the connections with the previous text. I think that the idea of love can be portrayed in a number of ways depending on past experiences, which may alter your thoughts and your definition of what love meaner to not Just poetry, was always popular but is becoming more and more popular in today's society, as on a day to day basis we are surrounded by stereotypes of what love is ‘supposed' to be like. Love I have learnt that there are two different attitudes towards love; I have selected four poems that consider this issue and show the poets true thoughts on love. Two of my texts, ‘Leaving Prince Charming Behind,' written by Karol Mila and ‘Advice to a discarded Lover,' written by Fleer Dock, both look at the theme of love and past relationships in a negative and quite a depressing manner. Whereas, the other two texts deal with both the poets sweet, happy and more realistic attitude towards the power of true love. ‘To the girl who stood beside me at the checkout counter ofWhitewalls in Hamilton on Tuesday,' written by Glenn Colophon and ‘This is love,' written by Karol Mila both deal with the positive aspects of love and the Journey of love and what it meaner to them. The two texts ‘Leaving Prince Charming Behind,' written by Karol Mila and ‘Advice to a discarded Lover,' written by Fleer Dock. Look at the theme of love through two similar ways. The c onnection between the texts is the poets stating their sad and negative outlook on love, certain techniques such as metaphors help to demonstrate and illustrate the visual image of both poets' similar negative perceptions of love and relationships.In the poem, ‘Leaving Prince Charming Behind' relating to fairy tales clarified that she did not want to be a ‘princess' anymore. By using a metaphor the poem constantly referred to the fairy tale characters. The technique was effective in showing the connection between the two texts, as the fairy tale characters provide stereotypes and presumed knowledge. So we assume what is going to happen. However Mila proves our assumption wrong by showing the paradoxical side of each event or character. As a reader we know Repulse as a princess in a tower. Mila modifies this image by describing her long hair as ‘shorn. ‘The architect of isolation' elates to Repulse feeling helpless. She has used this to show that she wanted to escape from him and that she did not love him anymore. The metaphor helps to show the reader, the poet's negative outlook and idea of what love is, which is not fairy tale is, she describes it to be the complete opposite. This then connects with my second text, ‘Advice to a discarded lover,' written by Fleer Dock, as she also uses techniques such as metaphors in her poem to illustrate her negative idea of what love is due to a past relationship.Like the technique discussed previously, metaphors give us a clear image of what love is through the poet's respective. The verbs that were significant in enhancing the metaphor, that she used to describe the relationship, Wriggling, munching,' ‘crawling and ‘creeping,' all relate to someone's initial reaction on finding a particularly gross bug. His fat, moist warm-skin' makes him sound revolting, at this stage; she can only be revolted by his actions as she would an insect.The verbs enhance the metaphor as it helps you to see the poet is literally stating that her ex-partner is a disgusting maggoty dead bird. This is evident when she says, ‘In you I see maggots close to the surface' so it is clear hat she finds him quite unbearable. Therefore this extended metaphor is a sub- connection symbolisms and illustrates the author thoughts on love which therefore This is the same in the texts, ‘This is love' written by Karol Mila and ‘To the girl who stood beside me at Whitewalls bookstore in Hamilton on Tuesday,' written by Glenn Calhoun.The poets also express their perception of love, through a positive, happy and more realistic point of view; as they are more general not Just focusing on a past relationship, these poets are not referring to fairy tale illusions, We were living he fairy tale,' or describing their past relationships to be a dead maggoty worthless bird, ‘a dead bird, not only dead, not only fallen, but full of maggots,' they are saying what love generally meaner to t hem, and they have logic behind this belief therefore their viewpoint seems to be more realistic.Together the poets have shown that love is a process with several different stages, these stages will not be completed if the relationship is not cared for and nurtured, to create a happy and healthy relationship which is clearly shown in the texts. Therefore I believe this shows the realism of each ext compared to the last two, also showing their connection. In the poem ‘This is love,' written by Karol Mila, she uses gardening to relate to love, and relationships between lovers; Mila introduces a metaphor by calling her thoughts, the roots' which have been nurtured and educated over the years to reach her understanding of love.The image is developed as she watches ‘big hands brown custodial' place a new plant into the bucket. The tending process of the thoughts and the new seeds are described in detail. ‘Love is the pruning and the watering in the seventh stanza shows that Mila realizes that love is like a plant that needs to be rated tenderly, pruned back and watered regularly to maintain the relationship, this also supports the idea of showing that the poet believes that love is a Journey, and there are many stages in a relationship, but to have a strong healthy and long relationship, it needs to be nurtured and cared for.So this shows Mila expressing her perception of what she thinks love is, in this case her outlook to me seems to be quite bright, realistic and peaceful. This then connects with my last text, ‘To the girl who stood beside me at the checkout counter at Whitewalls in Hamilton on Tuesday,' written by Glenn Colophon. Again the poet writes his true thought on what he believes love is which also seems to be quite loving and sweet.This is evident when the poet goes through all the things of what he believes true love is centered around, for example We kissed,' We married,' We built a house beside a lake,' and We grew fat and ha ppy together. ‘ All of these are happy things that symbolism what the poet's initial thoughts and ideas of what he personally believes love is. They also show that this poet believes that love and being in a relationship has several stages, which get more and more significant the longer oh stay with one person, and takes time to get to where you may want to be in a relationship.I believe this is a very logical and positive viewpoint on love, once again showing the connections with the previous text. I think that the idea of love can be portrayed in a number of ways depending on past experiences, which may alter your thoughts and your definition of what love meaner to not Just poetry, was always popular but is becoming more and more popular in today's society, as on a day to day basis we are surrounded by stereotypes of what love is ‘supposed' to be like.

Repressed Memories Essay Example

Repressed Memories Essay Example Repressed Memories Essay Repressed Memories Essay Repressed memories may have been blocked due to ‘repression which is the removal of unwanted experiences into the unconscious because the event was considered too traumatic to recall. These memories can include things from child abuse to witnessing a murder. It’s the impact on the mind so it can cope with what may be too hard for the individual to deal with at that time. Understanding that memory is not a digital recording that provides for a totally accurate replay (Merskey, H.2010) is often overlooked in the beginning of remembering a repressed memory and also that many different triggers are involved in the recovery of repressed memories. Triggers are another way in which repressed memories are thought to resurface during therapy and/or basically anywhere at any time in the person’s life. A trigger can be in the form of a taste, touch, smell etc. Many times the memory is so spontaneous that it occurs in a flashback, with feelings to strong it as if the person is reliving the moment once again (Seager, W). Psychotherapy is one way in that many can try to force their minds to recall the event more accurately (Seager, W). While most research focuses on whether people remember or forget trauma, repression, however, is a multidimensional construct, which, in addition to the memory aspect, consists of pathogenic effects on adjustment and the unconscious (Merskey, H. 2010). Moreover, since psychoanalysis regards repression as a key factor in accounting for the development and treatment of neurotic disorders, relevant research from these two domains are also taken into account. There are two types of recovered memories: those that gradually return in recovered memory therapy (RMT) and those that are spontaneously recovered outside the context of therapy (Merskey, H. 2010). By having a better understanding of the two types not only benefits a person’s therapist to help the client work through the memories but also they help to legalize the memory and give it credit and validity (Groenveld, n. d). RMT is a term which refers to the attempts to recover long forgotten or repressed memories. It is often used when a client is suspected to have been abused many years ago, but has no memories of it as an adult (Groenveld, n. d. ). RMT has just as many supporters as it does those who believe therapist cause clients to have â€Å"false memories†. Many therapists engaged in recovered memory therapy believe that adult problems, such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, relationship problems, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, etc are often caused by a specific form of abuse (Groenveld, n. d. ). Memories of that abuse are often believed to have been repressed so that they cannot be remembered. Even though the abuse is not remembered, it generates some of the above symptoms in the adult (Groenveld, n. d. ). Although most memories are recovered during counseling with a therapist who believes in them, there exist a growing number of individuals who have recovered memories outside of therapy (Groenveld, n. d. ). Frequently, books like The Courage to Heal by authors Ellen Bass (2007) and Laurie Davis are used by an individual. The techniques are the same; they are simply self-administered (Menzel, n. d). The Courage to Heal has various strengths according to book reviewer Jennifer Menzel, M. A. Authors Bass and Davis (2007) examine very traumatic experiences and offer hope to survivors of these experiences (Menzel, n. d. ). A second strength is that Bass and Davis use the word â€Å"survivor† instead of â€Å"victim. † This works to instill hope in readers and helps to enable survivors to actively engage in the healing process (Menzel, n. d. ). A third strength is the emphasis not only on the facts of sexual abuse, but on real experiences of survivors (Menzel, n.d. ). Menzel (n. d. ) concludes her review of The Courage to Heal as being a useful bibliotherapy tool and is highly recommended. However, as with any form of bibliotherapy, clinical judgment must be used when assigning this book in psychotherapy. One of the most repressed memories is that of childhood sexual abuse. Although controversy surrounds the relative authenticity of discontinuous versus continuous memories of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), little is known about whether such memories differ in their likelihood of corroborative evidence. Individuals reporting CSA memories were interviewed, and two independent raters attempted to find corroborative information for the allegations (Brockman, R. 2010). Continuous CSA memories and discontinuous memories that were unexpectedly recalled outside therapy were more likely to be corroborated than anticipated discontinuous memories recovered in therapy (Brockman, R. 2010). Evidence that suggestion during therapy possibly mediates these differences comes from the additional finding that individuals who recalled the memories outside therapy were marked more surprised at the existence of their memories than were  individuals who initially recalled the memories in therapy (Brockman, R. 2010). These results indicate that discontinuous CSA memories spontaneously retrieved outside of therapy may be accurate, while implicating expectations arising from suggestions during therapy in producing false CSA memories (Brockman, R. 2010). Still the question of why people repress memories and are able to retrieve them at a later date along with how true those memories might be is still one that needs to be further explained. Whatever the terminology applied, be it repression, dissociation or forgetting, humans have a capacity to not consciously know about aspects of their traumas for extended periods of time (Middleton et al, 2005) are all factors to include in the memory. Also multiple factors including the age at which traumas occurred, the relationships to the person responsible or the nature and extent of the traumas influence what will be accessible to memory (Middleton, 2005). Professionals have the responsibility during an intake interview to put forth the question of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse to the person. The rationale for this prescription is that a clinician who asks conveys to the client that the client will be believed and that the clinician will join with the client in working through the memories and emotions linked with childhood sexual abuse (Loftus, 1993). Asking about sexual abuse along with a list of other past life events makes sense given the high instance of actual abuse, but the concern is how the issue is raised and what therapists do when clients initially deny an abusive past.   Brockman, R.. (2010). Aspects of Psychodynamic Neuropsychiatry I: Episodic Memory, Transference, and the Oddball Paradigm. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, 38(4), 693-710. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID: 2256258471). Groenveld, J. (n. d. ). Repressed memories and Recovered Memory Therapy (RMT). Retrieved May 8, 2009 from caic. org. au/fms. sra/rmt/htm Loftus, E. (1993). The Reality of Repressed Memories. American Psychological Association, 48, 518-537. Retrieved from http://faculty:Washington. edu/elofus Menzel, J. (n. d). The courage to heal: A guide for women survivors of child sexual abuse (3rd edition). [Review of the book]. Psychologists in Independent Practice. A Division of the American Psychological Association. Retrieved from http://www/division42. org/MembersArea/Nws_Views/articles/Reviews_Books/ Merskey, H.. (2010). Try to Remember: Psychiatrys Clash Over Meaning, Memory, and Mind. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(2), 112-113. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID: 1986429491). Middleton, W. , Cromer, L. , Freyd, J. (2005, September). Remembering the past, anticipating a future. Australasian Psychiatry, 13(3), 223-233. Retrieved May 8, 2012, doi:10. 1111/j. 1440-1665. 2005. 02192. x Seager, W. Schwitzgebel, Eric. Perplexities of consciousness. CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries Apr. 2012: 1458. Academic OneFile. Web. 6 May 2012.

Asian Experiences and Immigration to America Essays

Asian Experiences and Immigration to America Essays Asian Experiences and Immigration to America Essay Asian Experiences and Immigration to America Essay In the 1800s. a common battle exists for Asiatic Americans in the United States. specifically the Chinese and Japanese. The term. individuality is recognized through legion events overtime and these events include the function of Asiatic Americans determining the history of America. It took countless old ages for early Chinese and Nipponese persons to be accepted into American life styles. allow entirely be acknowledged of their ain individualities. There are many similarities. yet many differences between Chinese and Nipponese communities. as shown in Hisaye Yamamoto’s short narrative Seventeen Syllables and Ronald Takaki’s excerpt Gam Saan Haak . Hisaye Yamamoto’s Seventeen Syllables expresses the significance behind troubles faced by Nipponese immigrants to the United States. every bit good as the racial separation between these immigrants and their households. The Nipponese immigrant experience many obstructions. such as poorness and unstable matrimonies. Yamamoto’s narrative implicates a adolescent and her female parent. Tome Hayashi who takes an involvement in composing haiku for the Nipponese linguistic communication paper in San Francisco. Her girl nevertheless is practically illiterate to talking Japanese. which is dry since that is her civilization and furthermore. fails to understand the haiku her female parent writes. See Rosie. she said. it was a haiku. a verse form in which she must pack all the significance into 17 syllables ( Yamamoto 154 ) . This is an interesting facet in a sense that while Tome expresses her relevancy on haikus. Rosie pretends to understand the construct and significances of her mother’s acquisition. but realistically she refuses to grok. More significantly. Tome Hayashi merely took an involvement in haiku to get the better of everything that she went through. The truth was revealed when Tome admits to stating Rosie of her yesteryear. As her female parent told her the narrative. Tome remained in control of her life. which is highly hard after garnering that she faced atrocious memories. Rosie was shocked to believe such things. Her female parent. at 19. had come to America and married her male parent as an option to suicide ( 162 ) . Before her male parent. her female parent had met a lover. but merely did she cognize that her lover already had an arranged matrimony by his household. Many of these married twosomes are unsuited for one another and normally. forced to be with one another. Another of import significance is that these jobs were concealed from their kids. which is why Rosie had no thought until the terminal of the narrative. Defeated about her yesteryear. Tome asks Rosie to assure neer to get married and neer be blinded by immature love affair. The narrative portrayed an intergenerational struggle between first coevals and 2nd coevals. What Rosie went through may non hold the same result as her female parent did. Ronald Takaki’s excerpt Gam Saan Haak demonstrates Chinese immigrants as travelers to Gold Mountain ( Takaki 80 ) . Due to difficult economic times. authorities corruptness and lack in China. forced many work forces to prosecute chances overseas. such as the reaching in California. This separated many work forces from their households because there was a control of migration to America. Chinese adult females were excluded by the jurisprudence. which show marks of bias. but alternatively were marked as laundry workers. which was a woman’s occupation ( Takaki 93 ) . Furthermore. Chinese worked in a assortment of businesss: they were housekeepers. retainers. washwomans. dressmakers. cobblers. cooks. mineworkers and fisherwomen. But overpoweringly. particularly in the early old ages. Chinese adult females were prostitutes ( Takaki 121 ) . There were tonss of employments for the Chinese adult females. but most of them were in a status of debt. therefore they turned to the function of being cocottes. Lifes for the cocottes were unreliable because they were beaten on occasions and looked down on based on their position. However. they were tremendously profitable for their proprietors. Since adult females are incapable of working in heavy labour force. it had caused work forces to go off from place to do some money. A great figure of Chinese immigrants came up with the same program to migrate to America. doing the Chinese to do up 25 per centum of the work force. At first they were making great. having concerns such as a tradesman and merchandiser. while some are craftsmans. husbandmans and labour contractors. However. the Americans did non like how the Chinese are taking over their land. A public violence broke out between Americans and Asiatic Americans over the riddance of competition from foreign mineworkers. Takaki generates in his narrative the ultimate solution to forestall Asiatic immigrants from progressing any longer in the work force. To halt the menace. the commission recommended the passage of a foreign miners’ licence tax ( Takaki 81 ) . This signifier of bitterness towards the Chinese was highly unjust. The racial intent of this new revenue enhancement was crystalline: aimed chiefly at the Chinese. this new revenue enhancement required a monthly payment of three dollars from every foreign mineworker who did non want to hold become a citizen ( Takaki 82 ) . This jurisprudence imposed on the immigrants was chiefly an act to drive away Chinese immigrants and take away their concerns. Slowly after. lives for the Chinese have become progressively hard. Alternatively of having concerns. some have to form themselves into little groups. Chinese people were marked as inferior people among the white Americans . A common connexion between the Chinese and Nipponese is that adult females are normally restricted from their work forces of the same civilization. doing Chinese and Nipponese work forces to travel for adult females other than their traditional civilization. This normally leads to work forces get marrieding a white adult female. in add-on to holding a household together. interim losing all cultural traditions. Furthermore. when the jurisprudence was passed that Asiatic immigrants are allowed into the United States. they were stopped with the Asian Exclusion Act. where they are sojourned from migration and naturalisation. The changeless racial favoritism against Asians has become the chief statement behind these immigrants’ experiences. Many immigrants hoped to travel to America. wishing to accommodate to American civilization and life styles and believing that it is possible to be white . However. they were driven out of American due to being a minority. Historically. Whites by and large perceived America as a racially homogeneous society and Americans as white. Long before the Chinese arrived. they had already been predetermined for exclusion by this set of thoughts ; the Chinese hereafter in America could be seen in the black and Indian past ( Takaki 100 ) . This can be seen as racism towards the Chinese workers. This differentiation was made because the Chinese. like the inkinesss were viewed as menaces in white society. In the eyes of Americans. there are no differences between Chinese and Nipponese. They have a shared history and tonss of community. particularly seen through racism. This is true to a certain extent merely because the Gentlemen’s Agreement Act have created some equality for the Japanese. The Japanese were treated somewhat better than the Chinese. While the United States would enforce limitations on Chinese immigrants. they were more indulgent with Nipponese in-migrations in that there were no limitations imposed. There were authorities differences because Nipponese triumph against Russia has made Japan demand for their individuality in America.

Essay Editing

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Global warming and biodiversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global warming and biodiversity - Research Paper Example This primarily happens owing to the increase in the amount of Green House gases in the atmosphere. These gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc) trap the sun’s incident heat energy and do not allow them to escape, thereby increasing the Earth’s temperature. These green house gases are released into the atmosphere because of human activities like pollution, burning of fossil fuels, deforestation etc. Global warming has negative impacts on all most everything, from ecosystems to individual species. Climate-carbon cycle feedbacks are also responsible for increasing the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In fact, studies have shown that rise of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere will increase the temperature which in turn will cause change in the process of photosynthesis, leading to death of the plants. GRAPH:1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 The other challenge that forms the core of my discussion is extermination of both floral and faunal species. Species become extin ct due to a number of reasons like deforestation, invasive species, diseases, changing climate etc. . In fact in North America alone, â€Å"123 fresh water animal species have been recorded as extinct and hundreds of additional species of fishes, amphibians, mollusks and crayfishes are considered imperiled† (Riciardi & Rasmussen, 1998) and using this data in the exponential decay model, researchers Riciardi and Rasmussen have concluded that the extinction rate in North America alone is 4% per decade. ... his data in the exponential decay model, researchers Riciardi and Rasmussen have concluded that the extinction rate in North America alone is 4% per decade. Moreover, islands like the Galapagos or the Hawaiian islands are more vulnerable to species extinction because the presence of physical barriers has cut off gene flow which has in turn decreased adaptability of the species to extinction factors. Thus, endemic species are more vulnerable to extinction. There is a definitive connection between global warming and loss of biodiversity. Global warming is one of the key reasons behind species extinction.† Plants and animals, even far from human habitation, are now endangered due to global warming, resulting from increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere through different human activities† (Malcolm, 2006). A recent study showed that the increase in the temperature led to disease outbreaks caused by Batrachochytrium among the amphibian species i n tropical America leading to extinction of 67% of the 110 species of Atelopus species (Pounds et al, 2006). Over the last century the temperature of the world has increased by 0.6 degree centigrade but most species have adapted themselves to it, but the present rate of temperature increment â€Å"could easily disrupt the connectedness among species and lead to a reformulation of species communities, reflecting differential changes in species, and to numerous extirpations and possibly extinctions.† (Root et al, 2003). Root et al, meta-analyzed 143 different studies and concluded that the shift in climate was leaving a fingerprint on animal as well as plant species. It is a common notion that environmental awareness and conservation efforts are restricted to the developed countries i.e. countries

Enhancing the Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enhancing the Marketing Plan - Essay Example Further, the macro environmental factors will also be considered in the paper to understand the significant trend which can impact on the business of the company. Company’s Competitor Geno's Sports Apparel deals in athletic footwear and apparel products and seeks to achieve higher sales and good brand reputation. The athletic footwear and apparel industry is considered as highly competitive as there are several big players in the market where Geno’s Sports Apparel operates. The major competitor of Geno’s Sports Apparel in terms of athletic footwear products is Finish Line which operates in the similar marketing segment. Besides Finish Line, Geno’s Sports Apparel also faces a direct competition from other athletic goods providing organizations such as Payless ShoeSource, Dick’s Sporting Goods among others. The major strengths of Finish Line, one of the biggest competitors is the ability to understand the preferences of customers and act accordingly. Thus, the company offers coupons and discounts to the customers to increase sales. Finish line is much concerned about promoting latest products to the customers. The major weakness of Finish Line has been the number of retail outlets. The number of stores of Finish Line is less which creates difficulty for the company to distribute products effectively. Besides, providing newest products can also cost more and are inefficient in this business environment as many customers can concentrate on saving money and purchasing inexpensive products due to economic downturn (Sweeney, 2009). The other competitors named Payless ShoeSource have good geographic location which provides the company a competitive advantage. Its business is expanded in almost 50 counties within the international market. Payless ShoeSource has great financial strength which helps to spread the business globally. Besides, the sales in women’s shoe category are strong and the company has also strong position in t he market of the USA. The major weakness of Payless ShoeSource is higher fixed cost which led to lower profit margin. Furthermore, the company experienced huge amount of loss due to surplus inventory. The business of Payless ShoeSource is highly reliant on third party producers which make the company much vulnerable to survive in the competitive market (Cullin, 2007). Differentiation of Products Differentiation is necessary in order to improve the business and develop a unique brand identity. The main differentiation of Geno’s Sports Apparel with respect to the other competitors is the innovative marketing strategy. Geno’s Sports Apparel will provide tailored retailing programs and develop exclusive store atmosphere which replicates a distinct retailing style than other rivals. The effective enactment of this strategy helps the company to increase the customer base and preserve brand reliability. Geno’s Sports Apparel can also differentiates the brand from close st competitor Finish Line through providing customers with ranges of athletic attires which are designed according to their requirement. The company needs to offer focused collection of sports equipments to the customers which is the other differentiating factor (Sweeney, 2009). Through the advanced marketing communication strategies, such as implementing good customer service model, Geno’

Greece vs Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Greece vs Saudi Arabia - Essay Example tion of the country.1 The country has a huge workforce that is comprised of foreign nationals who work alongside the Saudi nationals and it has been estimated that this number of foreigners increased from 4,563,000 in the year 1985 to a total of 5,300,000 in the year 1990.2 The country is a kingdom and before the year 1932, the Arabs were divided into different geographical regions such as the Nejd, Hejaz and Al Hasa regions and it was Ibn Saud who conquered the various dis-united regions ad declared himself the king of the United Saudi Arabia in the year 1932. 3 The petroleum deposits that have taken Saudi Arabia to the heights of its current prosperity were discovered in the year 1936. Most of the population belongs to a strict sect of Islam known as the Wahhabis. The cultural and social conditions of the country seem to be much talked about, yet still veiled mystery as the people are extremely conservative and follow the Sharia (Islamic Law) with strict adherence. A very big reason that the Saudi workforce comprises of so large a number of foreign residents is the fact that until the last decade there were very few places where Saudi national could obtain higher education in their own country. Due to this reason, the country has a huge workforce which comprises of foreign nationals. Recently, in the last decade or so, the government has started spending huge amounts of money on developing its own national workforce, which is an avenue which was always neglected previously. The oil that the country produces plays a huge role in its economy. Statistics confirm that the budget revenue is derived mainly out of oil sales and it accounts for 80% of the over all budget. It also makes up a large chunk of the country’s GDP at a contribution of nearly 45 %. It can easily be said that with 90% of the its earnings coming out of oil export, Saudi Arabia is an economy which is highly dependent on its natural resources. Although the current falling prices of oil and the

Tesla Motors and the use of IT technology in their business for Research Paper

Tesla Motors and the use of IT technology in their business for customer convenience - Research Paper Example Tesla also uses innovative distribution models i.e. company owned service centers and sales. This technology utilized by Tesla enables it to maintain high levels of customer experience and also improved from customer feedback loops so as to ensure the needs of its customers are fulfilled. This therefore provides the company with a competitive advantage over other traditional vehicle manufacturers. In wherever industry, an affective customer service and convenience is key for success. This is important since it helps companies retain its current customer and also attract more customers. Therefore, the key to improved customer experience and service is the use of intelligent systems. These systems offer a two – way method of exchanging information between the customers and the companies so as to complete the feedback loop. The idea behind integration of intelligent systems is to provide an enabling competitive advantage over competitors through full engagement of customers hence a high level customer service that ensure future loyalty. To accomplish this, Tesla Motors, Inc. has leverage embedded devices which are connected to intelligent systems which allows the company to differentiate their offerings, attract and retain customers. Tesla Motors, Inc. operates retail outlets and service centers across North America. Intelligent hardware and software are used in these retail outlets and service centers to provide a customized digital signage that is based on knowledge of the preferences of the customer hence provide the customer with suggestions based on their past purchases, service received and test-drives taken. These intelligent systems look up for a customer’s shopping patterns, their preferences, past service interactions, their recent purchases and orders made in a backend Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system. This CRM systems

Reflective Statement on Career Choosing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective Statement on Career Choosing - Essay Example Body 1. Theories of career choice and the DOTS model of career decision-making Based on the DOTs model, there are four careers education tasks which have to be accomplished by the student in order to ensure the development of opportunity awareness, self awareness, decision learning, and transition learning. Opportunity awareness refers to the assistance given to students in order to enable understanding of the world they are going to enter, the various opportunities therein, the demands that this world shall make of them, and the rewards offered (Law and Watts, 2003). Self-awareness refers to the assistance given to students in order to give them a better sense of self as individuals with unique qualities. Decision learning refers to assistance offered to students to understand the various ways in which their decisions can be made. Finally, transition learning considers the assistance given to students in order to be more aware of the skills they would need to handle transitions they need to take as grownups (Law and Watts, 2003). In terms of opportunity awareness as a future early years teacher, the DOTs model prompts me to understand the work of an early years teacher and the different opportunities open to me in that field. I also need to reflect on the professional requisites this profession has in order to permit me future entry. I would also consider the different demands that teaching in the early years would bring as well as the rewards it would likely offer. It is also appropriate for me to contemplate on alternatives to teaching or social work based on my degree. In relation to self-awareness, I especially enjoy working with children and my joy in working with them also motivates me to consider this profession in the future. Experience in my current work has also given me the chance to experience teaching children and such experience has motivated me further in contemplating teaching in the early years. In terms of transition learning, I was able to l earn during the semester about writing personal statements, as well as gaining interview skills. I was able to use these skills in taking into account what happens in assessment centres and details to indicate in application letters. 2). The professional and professionalism: Professions are those which consider the kinds of occupation which are understood to mean ‘professions.’ There may be major and minor professions or primary and secondary professions and the major professions are those which include business management, with primary professions including senior military officers, police chiefs, judges, and teachers and professors (Lester, 2007). Medicine and law are usually counted as professions as well, including architects, engineers, dentists, teachers, accountants, and veterinarians. Professionals have an implied expertise and knowledge of their professions; and he is also one who commits to the principles of the profession, as well as autonomous thought and ju dgment (Lester, 2007). Professions are also usually recognized by professional bodies as experts in some field of study or skill unique and distinct to their field of practice. Some occupations may be considered professions based on the perspective taken on the subject matter. It is not necessary for a profession to have a professional body. However, such

Tesla Motors and the use of IT technology in their business for Research Paper

Tesla Motors and the use of IT technology in their business for customer convenience - Research Paper Example Tesla also uses innovative distribution models i.e. company owned service centers and sales. This technology utilized by Tesla enables it to maintain high levels of customer experience and also improved from customer feedback loops so as to ensure the needs of its customers are fulfilled. This therefore provides the company with a competitive advantage over other traditional vehicle manufacturers. In wherever industry, an affective customer service and convenience is key for success. This is important since it helps companies retain its current customer and also attract more customers. Therefore, the key to improved customer experience and service is the use of intelligent systems. These systems offer a two – way method of exchanging information between the customers and the companies so as to complete the feedback loop. The idea behind integration of intelligent systems is to provide an enabling competitive advantage over competitors through full engagement of customers hence a high level customer service that ensure future loyalty. To accomplish this, Tesla Motors, Inc. has leverage embedded devices which are connected to intelligent systems which allows the company to differentiate their offerings, attract and retain customers. Tesla Motors, Inc. operates retail outlets and service centers across North America. Intelligent hardware and software are used in these retail outlets and service centers to provide a customized digital signage that is based on knowledge of the preferences of the customer hence provide the customer with suggestions based on their past purchases, service received and test-drives taken. These intelligent systems look up for a customer’s shopping patterns, their preferences, past service interactions, their recent purchases and orders made in a backend Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system. This CRM systems

Compare and contrast two quarterbacks in the NFL Essay

Compare and contrast two quarterbacks in the NFL - Essay Example ared to Peyton Manning because of his Super Bowl experience, because of his team’s better stats against Manning’s stats and because of his better playing stats when they are up against each other. Supper Bowl is a major event for any player of the NFL and representing a team during this event is the single most important predictor of how well a particular player is. In case of the Brady versus Manning debate, Brady has undoubtedly won the debate. This is because he has secured two more rings of the Super Bowl as compared to Manning (Dlouhy 1). Brady has been successful in leading his team in more Super Bowls as compared to his competitor Manning. Brady is credited for leading his team five times during the Super Bowl in a total career of 12 seasons deducting seasons he was injured and during the time when he was recognized just a rookie (Dlouhy 1). On the other hand Manning had been able to lead his team in the event for only three times during a total career of 15 seasons (Dlouhy 1). A real comparison between the two QBs takes place when they are head to head against each other in a football game. A comparison of the stats of the matches in which Brady’s team Patriots and Manning’s team Colts have been against each other clearly indicates that Brady and his team is better than Manning and his team. A total of 14 matches have been played against both teams in which Brady and Manning headed their offensive sides and out of these 14 matches a total of 10 were won by Brady and his team (Riccobono 1). A comparison of the wins between the two teams under the leadership of these two great QBs may provide a misleading image, but it is true that Brady is statistically better than Manning when they play against each other. In the 14 games in which both the QBs and the teams have competed against each other, Brady has been able to score better stats with 6% higher completion rate and 3 more touchdowns as compared to Manning’s touchdowns (Shuster 1). Tom Brady

Language Essay Essay Example for Free

Language Essay Essay Introduction Language is universal way to express how a person feels. So of course, it is essential in cultures to express their individuality within life. Most of the time people do not put a lot of speculation on what mental processes may be taking place subconsciously. These mental processes allow a person to think, speak, and express their personal thoughts through language. In order to properly analyze that language, cognition must be a part of the mental processes too. In this essay, we will delve deeper into how language and cognition are associated. Language Lexicon Language is an efficient and consequential use of information, which can be both comprehended and used by all living things. It is also the communication of thoughts to language. According to Merriam-Webster (2014), cognitive psychology can be defined as, â€Å"a branch of psychology concerned with mental processes (as perception, thinking, learning, and memory) especially with respect to the internal events occurring between sensory stimulation and the overt expression of behavior.† Accordingly, when a person or animal learns to understand through the use of language, and with the capacity of that language, there can be a cognitive process that helps to separate humans from animals. Language is completely generative, dynamic, structured, and communicative. In language, a lexicon is known as the vocabulary or psychological language. A lexicon can hold many different types of words, which can also include how to pronounce a word, and the parts of speech for each word (Galotti, 2014). A lexicon is used to help a person understand words that are spoken, and their meanings. The spoken words are compared to a person’s lexicon, which is how a person can understand what the word is. It could be near impossible to understand a language or vocabulary without lexicons. The use of lexicons are a very important part of a person’s language. Key Features of Language There are many key features that make a language. The following are the main properties: generative, communicative, dynamic, and structured. Language is considered generative because, a person has an unlimited capacity as to how they build their personal languages. Language allows people to communicate with one another, and it also allows other animals to communicate within the same species as well. Language is dynamic because it is forever changing, and also develops people into having larger vocabularies. Lastly, the structure of language plainly shows exactly how convoluted it truly is. The great thing about language, is that it can adapt and expand as a person learns more information. New words can be added to a language or vocabulary, while others can be erased or updated (Galotti, 2014). Language development is different for each person. Some people are able to learn language through their cognitive functions, but sometimes, it takes more time. For an example, with children, they have to learn everything, which includes their own names, how they are feeling, how to express feeling, and objects. But they also have to learn how to use the vocabulary they are learning. Lastly, the feature that influences more cognitive processes, mainly languages that can influence thoughts. It works in a rotating structure, language helps to influence thoughts, and language also helps to regulates thoughts. A person always uses language in order to interpret their own thoughts. The main reason that language influences thought is because thoughts are when a person is consciously speaking to themselves. Levels of Language There are four different levels of language in reference to the structure and processing, phonemes, words, sentences, and texts. Phonemes are the tiniest part of sounds or units that can be used by people in order to form words. Phonemes are a person’s sounds of speech, which is similar to each letter in the alphabet. The main dilemma with phonemes are that each person’s creation of them are different. When a person studies phonetics, they are studying speech sounds and their physical properties. Words help a  person make sense of phonemes. Words are made up of by multiple spoken sounds. A sentence is, of course, a set of words which complete themselves. A sentence will also allow a person to organize their thoughts when they are preparing to speak, or to write something. A text helps a person connect sentences in order to form a small amount of information, or a paragraph. These usually help to explain a specific topic, and always have to be about one topic. All four of these structures are a crucial part of language. To put this more easily, phonemes lead to words, words lead to sentences, and sentences lead to texts (Galotti, 2014). Analyzing the Role: Language Process Cognitive Psychology In order to properly analyze the role of processing language, a person has to first understand cognitive psychology, to study mental processes. Mental processes give a person the ability to think, believe, perceive, solve problems, make decisions, remember, learn, reason, and adapt. By using these mental processes a person can begin to understand and comprehend language, and with that, the process of the language is used. If a person does not understand the language’s structure, that person will not have the capability to understand texts, sentences, words or phonemes, which all make up a language. With lack of perceptive abilities, a person may not comprehend language, with all of its entirety. Cognitive processes help determine how the language is processed within the brain. When a person begins to learn and understand language, the cognitive process is in use. Conclusion The cognitive process known as language drives a separation in between humans and other beings. The lexicon contains words in which people can use to compare other words or parts of speech. There are multiple key features of language. These key features, as stated above are, generative, communicative, dynamic, and structured. With all of these features, language can become very intricate. If a person were to completely understand each one of these key features, they will be able to understand and comprehend how necessary they are to be used within language. Also, it is crucial for a person to analyze the role that cognitive psychology plays within the process of language. Cognitive psychology is important in many aspects of a  person’s life, but especially in the language process. References: Cognitive Psychology. (2014). In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/cognitive%20psychology Galotti, K. M. (2014). Cognitive Psychology In and Out of the Laboratory (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

A Report On Olympic Games

A Report On Olympic Games Every four years, millions of people turn their attention to one city where Olympic Games take place. Almost all major cities compete for the right to be the host city of the next Olympic Games. It is highly competitive competition as Olympics bring attention and spectators which provide huge revenue to the host city. However, for the host city Olympic Games begin much earlier as it takes years to prepare and organize such project. It is clear that no city in the world can host Olympics next day after being chosen. Further, this essay will observe election procedure of the host city and state main requirements of the IOC for the host city. In 1999 the new host city election procedure was confirmed by the IOC (International Olympic Committee). According to this procedure, the cities are checked for the appropriateness of the basic technical requirements. Then the cities which are passed through IOC Executive Board become candidate cities and permitted to pass to bidding process. During this process IOC Evaluation Commission visits and inspects all candidate cities. Eventually at the IOC session the host city will be chosen (John E. Findling: 265). The host city election procedure is complicated due to heavy responsibility which lies down on shoulders of both host city and the IOC. To prevent any kind of mistakes during Olympic Games the IOC has several technical requirements such as: Transport concept. Environmental conditions. Accommodation. Experience from the past sport events. Sport venues. Finance. (Factsheet. Host city election facts and figures. (www.olympic.org). Leicesters transport concept includes transport systems within the city, East Midlands Airport and the Railway station. Special departments regulate the Leicesters traffic situation. Different IT systems and CCTV cameras provide a real time picture of the traffic situation within the Leicester. Digital Car Park Signs give all the information about available car park spaces throughout the city centre. In addition, there is a â€Å"Star Trak† information system which provides â€Å"next bus† information via signs at bus stops (Leicester City Council. Transport and streets). All these technologies support efficient traffic flow and ensure safety for both pedestrians and drivers. Visitors will find these facilities useful for them. However, the main problem is that how spectators from every corner of the world will come to the Leicester. The city is served by single railway station and East Midlands Airport which in addition works for Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. Moreove r, East Midlands serves domestic and European destinations with only few flights to holiday resorts (UK Airport Guide. East Midlands Airport). This means that more railway stations and international airport are needed to meet all the quests. In contrast, Beijing spent more than $4bn to build a new airport terminal and extra subway lines (Bristow M. BBC news). Apart from this, nearly  £80m will be spent to improve Docklands Light Railway (DLR) network in London. In addition, London will invest more than  £900 million to East London Line which will link the Olympic Park with the city. Line will connect with the DLR, Jubilee and District line and the North London Line (London 2012.Transport). In fact, even more developed cities than Leicester are forced to improve their transport systems due to Olympic Games. The second criterion of the IOC is the environmental condition of the future Olympic city. This requirement can be fully satisfied by Leicester as it became Britains first â€Å"Environment city† in 1990 and was among twelve cities which took part in the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (Leicester City Council. Environment and planning). Since then Leicester keeps high standards of environmental conditions. For example, Leicester City Council uses the Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), which helps to conserve environmental standards. As well as the EMAS, Leicester City Councils Environmental Policy plays vital role in maintaining and improving high environmental conditions in the city. The targets of this policy are reduction of carbon footprint, prevention of pollution, protection of trees and natural environment and promotion of using renewable energy. Throughout this policy Leicester City Council encourages the public to protect environment where possible (Leices ter City Council. Environment and planning). Furthermore, Leicester city achieved significant results in recycling of wastes. In partnership with Biffa Leicester the city of Leicester created the â€Å"Ball Mill† recycling facility which can recycle more than 70% of household waste from landfill. By this facility Leicester can recycle and compost nearly 33% of all wastes in the city (Leicester City Council. Environment and planning). Taking in consideration all these facts Leicester can be proud of their environmental condition, whereas Beijing invested nearly $20.5bn over the past 10 years to improve environmental situation during the preparations for Olympic Games (Bristow M. BBC News). Further, this essay will observe housing facilities where visitors can reside during Olympics. It goes without saying that the host city meets thousands of tourists coming for Olympic Games. In 2008, Beijing registered almost 382,000 overseas visitors. Organizers expected to meet 500,000 visitors, but visa controls decreased that number (www.2008gamesbeijing.com). Therefore Leicester should have enough rooms to reside between 300,000 400.000 tourists. According to Leicester City Council there are nearly 26 hotels with more than 2000 rooms in Leicester. In addition, partnership with University of Leicester can provide additional 3096 rooms (Leicester City Council. Environment and planning. 2012 Preparation camps). As a result, there are more than 5200 rooms in total available for upcoming visitors. Of course it is not enough to reside more than 300,000 tourists, therefore more accommodation facilities should be build. For example, London offers 100,000 hotel rooms and nearly 30,000 beds in student accommodations to welcome all the visitors during Games (London 2012. accommodat ion). Experience of organising sport events is important as well as other technical requirements. Leicester has hosted Special Olympics GB Summer Games two times (Leicester City Council. Sports and fitness). 2700 athletes from 19 UK regions took part in 21 sports during Special Olympics 2009 (Special Olympics 2009). Actually, this is invaluable experience, but organisation of Olympic Games requires the hosting of 26 sports with more than 300,000 participants including athletes and spectators (London 2012. Games). In previous paragraphs this essay mentioned different features of the Leicester except sport venues which are directly connected with Olympic Games. There are might be hundreds of hotels, railway stations and airports in the host city, but without appropriate sport facilities the city will not host Olympics. Leicester has different sport venues, including Saffron Lane Athletics Stadium, Braunstone Leisure Centre and sport facilities of Leicester Grammar School. These venues contain modern facilities for badminton, tae-kwon-do, swimming, basketball and etc. However all of them have been already offered as pre-gaming training camps for athletes coming to London 2012 Olympic Games (Leicester City Council. 2012 Preparation camps). In comparison, Beijing has built 12 new stadiums which required $1.9bn (Bristow M. BBC News). As well as Beijing, London is building completely new Olympic Park which will contain nine sport venues including Olympic Stadium, the Aquatic Centre, the VeloPark and etc (London 2012. Venues). After all, it is clear that present sport facilities of the Leicester should be improved by financial support. Financial part of the Olympic project plays significant role in organising Olympic Games. The major cities like Beijing and Athens have spent $40bn and $16bn respectively to host Olympics. Apart from this, London has already invested $22.6bn for 2012 Olympic Games (Bristow M. BBC News). In contrast, according to Leicester City Council budget of Leicester in 2008/09 was  £779,788,900. In other words, Leicester should find more funding to host Olympic Games. Finally, I think that Leicester does not have clear disadvantages in contrast with other cities. However it will take more time and investments to host Olympics in Leicester than in Beijing or London. References: Findling J. E. Pelle D. K. (2004:265). Encyclopedia of modern Olympic movement. Westport: Greenwood Press. Extracted 01/02/2010 from, http://books.google.com/books?id=QmXi_-Jujj0Cprintsec=frontcoverdq=encyclopedia+of+modern+Olympic+movementhl=rucd=1#v=onepageq=f=false Bristow M. BBC News, Beijing. 31/07/2008. Extracted 29/01/2010 from, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7523235.stm Extracted 29/01/2010 www.multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_repert_1191.pdf Extracted 29/01/2010 http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/transport-traffic/transport-systems/ Extracted 29/01/2010 http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/transport-traffic/transport-systems/digital-car-park-signs/ Extracted 29/01/2010 http://airport-maps.co.uk/uk-airport-directory/east-midlands-airport/ Extracted 29/01/2010 http://www.london2012.com/making-it-happen/transport/index.php Extracted 29/01/2010 http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/ep/the-environment/environment-city/ Extracted 29/01/2010 http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/ep/the-environment/environmental-policy/ Extracted 29/01/2010 http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/ep/the-environment/recycling/ Extracted 29/01/2010 http://2008gamesbeijing.com/beijing-has-652-million-visitors-for-the-olympics/ Extracted 29/01/2010 http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/ep/planning/plansandpolicy/hotels-information/ Extracted 29/01/2010 http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/lc/sports-services/news-update-2007/2012camps/ Extracted 29/01/2010 http://www.london2012.com/visiting/accommodation/index.php Extracted 29/01/2010 http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/lc/sports-services/news-update-2007/special-olympics-2009/ Extracted 29/01/2010 http://www.sol2009.com/home/sports.html Extracted 29/01/2010 http://www.london2012.com/games/olympic-sports/index.php Extracted 29/01/2010 http://www.london2012.com/games/venues/index.php Extracted 29/01/2010 http://www.leicester.gov.uk/accounts/accounts0809.pdf Extracted 29/01/2010